Order PASSERIFORMES | Family EMBERIZIDAE |
Races:
Emberiza citrinella mollessoni Zarudny, 1897
Common breeding migrant or in places winter visitor. Inhabits deciduous forest with bushes and height grass on plains and river valleys, and deciduous, mixed and coniferous forest with bushes and height grass in mountains from foothills up to 1800 m in Altai. On migration and in winter occurs in open landscape with scrubs and trees, in forest-belts, gardens, kitchen-gardens, thickets of tall weeds and in settlements. In southern Kazakhstan in spring, migration begins in end February – early March, intensive flight in mid-March and latest recorded in early April. In northern areas appears in second half of March – early April, latest migrants registered in first decade of May. Breeding in separate pairs. Nest is built on ground under bush or grass, rarely in bush at 15-20 cm above ground, from dry grass and lined with rootlets and hair. Clutches of 4-5, rarely 6 eggs found in May – end July. Female incubates mainly and male changes her for a short time, for 12-14 days. Both parents feed nestling, which fledge at 10-13 days old. Autumn migration begins in end August, but mainly in September, and continues up to end October – November. They migrate in flocks of up to 20-50 birds, with Pine Bunting, Brumbling and Chaffich often.
Breeding in middle current of Ural valley (up to Uralsk) and in Aktobe area, on Kokchetav upland (Sarymbetskiy pine forest), in Borovoye, on Ishim valley in Petropavlovsk area, in Karaganda, Pavlodarskoye Trans-Irtysh'e, near Semipalatinsk, in Kalbinskiy Altai, in Southwest Altai and its foothills and in Tarbagatay. On migration and in winter occurs practically everywhere, both on plains and at low altitude in mountains.
Gavrilov E. I., Gavrilov A. E. "The Birds of Kazakhstan". Almaty, 2005
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